Costs and Direct Labor Cost

Midterm2Practice Key 1. The following data have been recorded for recently completed Job 501 on its job cost sheet. Direct materials cost was $3,067. A total of 30 direct labor-hours and 104 machine-hours were worked on the job. The direct labor wage rate is $12 per labor-hour. The company applies manufacturing overhead on the basis of machinehours. The predetermined overhead rate is $11 per machine-hour. The total cost for the job on its job cost sheet would be: A. $4,571 B. $3,757 C. $3,090 D. 3,427 Applied manufacturing overhead = Predetermined overhead rate x Actual machine-hours Applied manufacturing overhead = $11 x 104 Applied manufacturing overhead = $1,144 Total cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Applied manufacturing overhead Total cost of Job 607 = $3,067 + (30 x $12) + $1,144 = $4,571 Loraine Company applies manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate of 70% of direct labor cost. Any underapplied or overapplied overhead cost is closed to Cost of Goods Sold at the end of the month. During August, the following transactions were recorded by the company: 2.The amount of direct materials cost in the August 31 Work in Process inventory account was: A. $10,200 B. $9,000 C. $4,800 D. $4,200 3. The Cost of Goods Manufactured for August was: A. $69,600 B. $69,500 C. $76,900 D. $84,500 4. The balance on August 1 in the Raw Materials inventory account was: A. $4,500 B. $7,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,500 5. Schrick Inc. manufactures a variety of products. Variable costing net operating income was $86,800 last year and ending inventory increased by 1,900 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead cost was $6 per unit. What was the absorption costing net operating income last year? A. 86,800 B. $75,400 C. $98,200 D. $11,400 Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $6 x 1,900 = $11,400 Absorption costing net income = Variable costing net operating income + Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $86,800 + $11,400 = $98,200 6. Ben Company produces a s ingle product. Last year, the company's net operating income under absorption costing was $4,400 lower than under variable costing. The company sold 8,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $8 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $1 per unit in beginning inventory under absorption costing.How many units did the company produce during the year? A. 12,400 units B. 3,600 units C. 7,120 units D. 7,450 units Unit fixed manufacturing overhead = (Difference in income / Change in inventory) = $4,400 Change in inventory = $1 Change in inventory = 4,400 units Units produced during the year = 8,000 units sold – 4,400 units change in inventory = 3,600 units Ross Company produces a single product. The company has direct materials costs of $8 per unit, direct labor costs of $6 per unit, and manufacturing overhead of $10 per unit. Sixty percent of the manufacturing overhead is for fixed costs.In addition, variable selling and a dministrative costs are $2 per unit, and fixed selling and administrative costs are $3 per unit at the current activity level. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 7. Under absorption costing, the unit product cost is: A. $24 B. $20 C. $26 D. $29 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead cost + Fixed manufacturing overhead cost = $8 + $6 + $10* = $24 * Manufacturing overhead cost of $10 includes variable and fixed costs. 8. Under variable costing, the unit product cost is: A. $24 B. $20 C. $18 D. 21 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead = $8 + $6 + [$10 x (100% – 60%)] = $8 + $6 + $4= $18 9. Viren Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing system: The company makes 240 units of product T91H a year, requiring a total of 550 machine-hours, 90 orders, and 40 inspection-hours per year. The product's direct materials cost is $16. 98 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 09 per unit. According to the activity-based costing system, the average cost of product T91H is closest to: A. $79. 66 per unit B. 90. 81 per unit C. $29. 07 per unit D. $75. 70 per unit 10. Data concerning three of the activity cost pools of Bramhall LLC, a legal firm, have been provided below: The activity rate for the â€Å"meeting with clients† activity cost pool is closest to: A. $125 per meeting hour B. $65 per meeting hour C. $80 per meeting hour D. $665,500 per meeting hour Kleppe Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing accounting system: The â€Å"Other† activity cost pool consists of the costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs that are not assigned to products. 1. How much indirect factory wages and factory equipment depreciation cost would be assigned to the Customer Orders activity cost pool? A. $240,000 B. $72,000 C. $68,000 D. $480,000 12. How much indirect factory wages and f actory equipment depreciation cost would NOT be assigned to products using the activity-based costing system? A. $0 B. $68,000 C. $280,000 D. $200,000 13. In this problem, there are three possible overhead allocation bases: direct labor (present system), machine hours (the proposed system), and number of batches.First, calculate product costs under each of the three allocation schemes: (a). Direct labor cost as the allocation base (present system): Bluethings 120,000 . 50 $60,000 95. 238% 342,857 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 . 50 $3,000 4. 762% 17,143 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units Direct labor/unit Direct labor cost % of total direct labor cost Overhead allocated Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $63,000 360,000 63,000 $486,000 (b). Machine hours as the allocation base (proposed system): Bluethings 120,000 600 200 20 4000 95. 38% $342,857 60,000 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 30 200 1 200 4. 762% $17,143 3,000 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year x number of hours per batch Number of machine hours/year % of total machine hours Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost 4200 $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 (c). Number of batches as the allocation base: Bluethings 120,000 600 200 50% $180,000 60,000 60,000 $300,000 $2. 50 Graythings 6,000 30 200 50% $180,000 3,000 3,000 $186,000 $31. 0 Total 126,000 400 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year % of total batches Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 Notice that allocating overhead by either direct labor or machine hours produces identical product costs. Thus, the proposed system change will not affect decision making. There are two cost drivers in Set-up Company. Unit volume drives direct materials and direct labor, but set-ups (number of batches) appear to drive overhead costs.Allocating overhead using direct labor gives an incorrect impression of how overhead costs vary and distorts product costs. Overhead costs are incurred in setups. While run times per unit of thing is the same for blues and grays, batch sizes differ considerably. In fact, bluethings and graythings each required 200 batches. Therefore, each product line (as opposed to each unit of product) should be allocated an equal dollar amount of overhead. If this is done, then graythings become massive losers and bluethings are seen to be profitable, even with market price of $3 per unit.

Informatics In The Medical Industry Health And Social Care Essay

The chief subject of this assignment is ICD, one of the nomenclatures which influence the cryptography and categorization methods. The execution of coding and categorization is based on the Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) of the inbound and outbound patients. Before traveling straight into chief subject, I need to discourse what is EHR? What are the benefits and disadvantages of EHR? Why controlled Terminology is required for an EHR? What are the different cryptography and categorization systems? What can I anticipate in ICD-11? â€Å"Electronic Health Records:Electronic Health Records comes from the epoch of patient records where the chief subject of patient records are to derive medical cognition, for clinical research intents, for farther usage of informations and can easy be a opportunity of doing determination by analyzing the record in an unambiguous mode. Patient Records are many types and they are developed harmonizing to the usage in demand of today ‘s life [ 2 ] . Even though the chief intent of all types of medical records are same, like to educate clinicians, support for charge intents, support for clinical research and for epidemiological surveies, It besides has disadvantages depending upon the type of medical record and maintaining mind these disadvantages many new sorts of patient records have now come across [ 3 ] . In Paper-based medical record, the accessing of patient informations is made easy, but it has some restrictions like, no such patient has merely one wellness attention forces and no wellness attention force has merely one patient because one patient can hold may be more than one doctor and every doctor needs to look into old records like what prescription has been given and what should be the following process to follow, and those records can non be accessed immediately because paper based can remain merely at one topographic point, some may be losing, some can non be understood by other doctors due to their hapless hand-writing. These restrictions are non really utile in order to do a proper determination [ 3 ] . It besides has some advantages like paper based systems are less expensive and recording of informations is non really complex [ 2 ] . This can be overcome by presenting Computer-Based Patient Records or Electronic Medical Records, where wellness attention suppliers can easy entree patient ‘s whole wellness certification under individual wellness organisation and most of import is this information can accessed by merely licensed clinicians which can avoid security issues to maintain privateness of patient informations. When compared to informations storage it has disadvantages like, it requires more infinite to enter a patient information in a digital format than Paper based patient record, and besides considered to be more expensive due to the investings in hardware, package and besides the information saved will be lost if whole computing machine system clangs or fails to work [ 2 ] . Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) which has the capableness to entree patient ‘s wellness certification under several wellness organisations which is permitted to entree by merely accredited clinicians. The benefits by the EHR to the wellness attention professionals are as follows: Easy Access to Patient Data: Easy entree to all integrated patient informations taking from simple sort of informations. The doctors can do an effectual Clinical Decision Support. Portability: The doctors can entree patient informations anyplace even in ambulatory conditions besides and besides through portable devices. Clinical Order Entry: EHR can supply new clinical qui vives depending on the informations entered in electronic patient record. It besides has the capableness to demo some literature based on your entry, most of import is qui vives can warn clinicians about the dose of drugs and besides some allergic reactions. Quick Transfer of Information is possible through several wellness organisations through EHR can be possible [ 2 ] .EHR besides has some disadvantages:Understanding of patient informations without proper nomenclature is non possible for EHR. Collection of Data is impossible in EHR without controlled nomenclature. So, that is ground why medical controlled nomenclature is really of import for the EHR which is discussed in item in the undermentioned process [ 2 ] .Why do we necessitate Medical Terminology?Terminology is defined as a standard set of footings to denote a set of constructs [ 4 ] and Clinical Terminology trades about the constructs used in footings of statements in a medical record i.e. significance should be same if we use different constructs to do statements. For Example, This patient has an Endocrine disease and This patient has an Diabetes are said to considered as Terminological because constructs used to do statements denotes same intending [ 5 ] . Medical Terminology has some standard words or phrases to stand for what has happened to the patient, it does non let doctors to compose something in their ain words. So by stand foring harmonizing to criterions, every doctor whether he belongs to same wellness organisation or different wellness organisation can be able to cognize what had happened to the patient [ 6 ] . The chief end of Medical Terminology can be enhanced if all the patient has electronic patient records and patient centered information should be entered into the electronic based patient records so that it can be like Re-use of information for clinical and secondary intents and can be shared across different organisations, establishments [ 5 ] .Positions on Medical Terminology:Data Abstraction- procedure of abstracting the recorded informations and so delegate a label to the abstracted information ( delegating some specific term which can state whole significance ) from the nomenclature itself [ 7 ] . Data Representation is delegating codifications to each of the findings done to the patient like research lab findings, physical findings, type of drug administered [ 7 ] . Encoding of medical cognition is besides of import to portion the cognition or direct the informations to other clinical systems. This encryption is done in such a manner that computing machines can utilize it [ 7 ] . Benefits of encoding medical cognition: It allows for Alerts in footings of medical specialty prescriptions so that doctor can be cognizant of this state of affairs before he can turn to to the patient [ 10 ] . It can salvage a batch of clip for the doctors or admittance sections without rhenium come ining the patient record after analyzing the patient for multiple times [ 7 ] .Why Controlled Vocabulary and Coding systems for Terminology are of import?In past old ages, Imprecision and deficiency of Standardized Controlled Vocabulary has been a major assert for the wellness attention sphere. This is due to the complication between standardisation of medical cognition and nomenclature ( set of constructs ) . The structuring of medical informations in footings of acquisition, entering and storage is of import because it raises the confusion between the nomenclature and significances of the informations. For illustration, one doctor wants to seek for a word ‘Diabetes ‘ , whic h in fact merely detects patients who are recorded as precisely with ‘Diabetes ‘ as diagnosing but non with patients who are recorded as ‘Diabetic ‘ [ 9 ] and sing another illustration, one doctor declares and records informations as patient has ‘shortness of breath ‘ and another doctor records as ‘dyspnea ‘ , though the patient has same sort of disease but while recovering the patient informations can be displayed as patient with shortness of breath or dyspnoea depending upon the preciseness of the word entered at the retrieval country [ 8 ] . This is the chief job originating in footings of controlled vocabularies. This job can be solved by the Controlled Terminologies or Clinical cryptography systems which contain the list of standard set of footings which can expose the words denoted under the same set of criterions. For illustration, it can recover all the information of patients enduring from ‘Diabetes ‘ or organize ‘Dyspnea ‘ because these footings are registered under a same set of significances and besides physician can come in or enter the patient informations in different types of degrees. This is the chief advantages of controlled clinical nomenclatures or coding systems [ 7 ] .Clinical Coding and Classification Systems:International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) developed by WHO is the categorization of diseases and other wellness jobs by analyzing the wellness job records and critical records. It has the capableness to sort the diseases in a hierarchical manner so that wellness attention forces can easy recover and place the utile information. It is non merely used for retrieval intent but besides to roll up the population, morbidity and mortality statistics [ 11 ] .Purpose of ICD:The chief intent of ICD is the systematic agreement and in a structuring format by comparing and analyzing the causes of mortality and morbidity informations collected from different states. The recording of the information is automatically converted from words to alphanumeric codifications which enable easy storage and retrieval of informations [ 11 ] . The chief primary purpose to develop ICD to come in mortality statistics based on the decease certifications and subsequently depending on the alterations of different ICD ‘s taking ICD-1 to now utilizing ICD-10, the group decided to besides include morbidity statistics for diagnostic intents. It besides has the capableness to sort diseases based on the marks, symptoms and unnatural findings where any wellness attention forces can easy derive cognition in an unambiguous mode. It is besides used for charge intents [ 9 ] .Structure of ICD-10:Taking from old versions of ICD to late developed version of ICD-10, the construction of ICD follows same construction which was antecedently proposed by William Farr. The construction of ICD-10 is based on Epidemic diseases, general diseases, local diseases, developmental diseases, hurts [ 9 ] . The construction of the list of categorization of diseases can be shown in the below tabular array [ 9 ] , which is divided into separate columns each column has Chapters, Codes and Description of that diseases [ 9 ] . It has list of 21 chapters and a set of codifications are assigned to each chapter. Each codification has foremost missive as an Alphabet and each Alphabet is assigned to each chapter but in chapter 2 Neoplasms has D alphabet and besides D alphabet in Diseases of blood. In general, codifications are assigned as three character codifications which is said to be chief or core categorization of a disease and sub classs of that disease can be denoted as four character classs. To be explain more in item, sing one sort of disease from the tabular array, say Chapter 2 Neoplasm which has codifications from C00-D48 and subcategories which are malignant tumor of Neoplasm are assigned as codifications C00.0-D48.9 three characters followed by an extension with a point. The ICD-10 codifications are denoted in alphameric codifications whereas ICD-9 is denoted merely in numeral codifications merely. There are fresh U codifications in ICD-10 [ 9 ] . Table: Division of ICD codifications into Chapters [ 9 ] .Troubles in ICD-10:There is no possibility of naming the constructs once more under anatomical parts for the constructs which are one time represented in a individual hierarchy. For illustration, if some disease caused by chest malignant neoplastic disease is mentioned in Chapter 2, it can non be mentioned once more in the anatomical parts of diseases covering chapter 6- chapter 16. Even though chest malignant neoplastic disease is related to anatomical part chest, it can non be covered in chapters of anatomical parts. This is the chief drawback of ICD-10 [ 9 ] . If we want to update a new codification which surely fits under some chief codification for illustration, see chief codification C00 for some disease and we want to update some disease which absolutely suits under chief codification as a sub class codification, it is non at all possible by ICD-10, because updating requires an empty infinite to make full which says that it is non possible to update on behalf of already used codifications [ 9 ] .Revisions:The purpose of alterations is to non alter the full construction of the old versions, have to see how to develop an easy manner of accessing medical cognition is possible without any complications, confusions, struggles. The freshly developed versions includes most ( major nucleus ) of the content, construction every bit same as old versions, merely minor alteration and based on that merely minor alterations can be possible depending on the troubles raised by utilizing the present versions and those troubles are avoided and expected non to see in the hereafter development of versions. When compared with alterations based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 alterations made are: Expanded from a individual 3-digit ICD-9 class ( 001 ) to a 3 digit ICD-10 five classs ( A00-A005 ) . ICD-9 numeral codifications to ICD-10 alpha numeral codifications. Transfering from one codification to other codification in the categorizations [ 11 ] .Future Version of ICD ( ICD-11 ) :What I expect to be changed from ICD-10 to ICD-11: â€Å" Depending upon the troubles raised in ICD-10, the constructs based on diseases of anatomical parts should be included in anatomical parts constructs because even if person who are non so familiar with some hard footings which denotes the disease can easy be happen the information in anatomical parts and everyone knows the anatomical parts where disease is really in the patient organic structure. So, disease under anatomical parts is of import † . â€Å" Categorization of diseases, mortality and morbidity statistics can be done individually under separate chapters for Adults, Neonatal attention, Small kids, Old people so that they can easy distinguish for determination support. This will be a job in footings of dose of drugs and thereby allergic reactions caused by them because dose factor is really less for grownups when compared to little kids † . â€Å" Particular sort of categorization can be best thoughts when Neonatal attention is taken into consideration due to most of them are affected by bosom diseases or tumor at a really early age † .Decision:â€Å" As far EHR is concerned, it is really of import in every wellness organisations so that information can be readily available for the doctors where they can treat in an efficient mode. EHR with Controlled Terminologies and Clinical Coding Classification Systems are besides of import for an easy entree to the medical cognition. More figure of nomenclatures are being developed by recognized organisations like WHO, National Centre for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) where doctors can anticipate an easy manner of accessing medical cognition For Example, function ( associating ) of nomenclature with ICD like SNOMED CT which one of the controlled clinical nomenclature † .

Movie Review: Singin’ in the Rain

Movies such as Chicago, Moulin Rouge, and Singin’ in the Rain are part of a file genre that places emphasis on music, dance, and song.   This genre is known as the Musical.   The power of the songs in Musicals explains why many people who have not seen the movie are still familiar with its title song â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain.†Ã‚   Aside from the memorable scores and lyrics, Musicals showcase the singing and dancing skills of their stars.   The critical and commercial success or failure of a Musical hinges not only on the storyline, as is the case with films of other genres, but the talents of the actors who bring the movie’s songs and dances to life. Singin’ in the Rain contains a number of elements that make it stand out from other American Musicals such as Chicago and Moulin Rouge.   The atmosphere of Singin’ in the Rain is light and happy which is accomplished by the character’s brightly colored clothing and the inclusion of relatively few night scenes.   This is not the case in either Chicago or Moulin Rouge, both of which have darker elements within them.   Because the theme of Singin’ in the Rain is more playful than the serious theme depicted in Chicago, there is a greater degree of entertainment in Singin’ in the Rain.   This movie was designed to be viewed by an audience seeking pure entertainment—an audience that need only sit back, relax, and enjoy the film from beginning to end. Many modern musical productions are far more costly than was Singin’ in the Rain; however, even with the discrepancy in production costs, several clever and memorable musical numbers from Singin’ in the Rain remain popular today. Because scripting and storyline are superseded in Musicals by choreography and score, the scenes most often remembered in a Musical are specific numbers contained within the film.   One of my favorites from Singin’ in the Rain is Cosmo Brown’s (Donald O’Connor) performance of â€Å"Make ‘em Laugh.†Ã‚   The song’s lyrics and the number itself reveal that Cosmo is Don Lockwood’s (Gene Kelly) sidekick.   It’s clear that Cosmo’s job is to keep Lockwood laughing and to prevent him from concern over anything bad. Cosmo’s enthusiastic performance in this number is easily the most comedic of the film.   Singin’ in the Rain is filled with mise-en-scà ¨nes, and Cosmo’s â€Å"Make ‘em Laugh† number uses mise-en-scà ¨ne to its fullest.   Every bit of setting, including the props and the people in this number are used by Cosmo as show instruments. Given the movie’s title, it isn’t surprising that the most famous number is Gene Kelly’s (as Don Lockwood) performance of the song â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain.†Ã‚   Narrative Convention dictates that rain signify sorrow or loneliness much as tense music in a horror movie signifies danger; however, the gloom one might expect to infiltrate Kelly’s performance simply does not do so.   Instead, this beautifully choreographed athletic dance and song number stands as Lockwood’s proclamation that he has succeeded in his career and in his heart.   Each step Gene Kelly performs is deliberate—each movement designed to thrill the audience the way Kelly’s Lockwood is himself thrilled by his fantastic fortune. The use of mise-en-scà ¨ne in the number â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain† does not detract from Kelly’s performance: it augments it.   His wearing a felt hat allows his facial features to be seen without the rain’s moisture obscuring his emotions.   The umbrella he carries adds a gentleman-like quality to his movements.   The street on which he dances remains basically deserted and is perfectly illuminated by the well-placed snug lights.   Personally, I think it is the most enjoyable rainy scene I have ever viewed in a movie. My only critical comments are centered on a portion of the film’s latter half during which time Lockwood, Cosmo, and R. F. Simpson (Millard Mitchell) are planning to make the musical film Dancing Cavalier.   This is followed by the surreal performance â€Å"Broadway Melody† which I found unnecessary.   The woman in this scene seemed to have come from nowhere, did not have a clearly defined relationship with Lockwood or Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), but the odd emotion that was present in the number might be representative of American ideals. Singin’ in the Rain falls within the expected boundaries of the Musical.   The ending is predictable (but not unsatisfyingly so) and relatively little tension exists: the lovers meet serendipitously, and there is really no threat to their relationship. Singin’ in the Rain is from the 1950’s, and because of this, some younger people might not find the movie’s content satisfying; however, anyone, regardless of age, who can appreciate the outstanding singing and dancing performances of the movie’s characters will come away from the film satisfied.   In addition, part of this film’s content reveals the early development of movies from the silent era forward, and much of this is not only interesting but humorous as well. I admit to having been initially skeptical about enjoying this movie due to its age, but I found myself entertained throughout the entire film, and honestly, I can say that Singin’ in the Rain is the best Musical I have ever seen. Reference Freed, A.   (Producer), & Donen, S. & Kelly G. (Directors).   (1952).   Singin’ in the rain.   [Motion picture].   United States: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.   

What's in an X-ray Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's in an X-ray Room - Essay Example An X-ray table is equally important to position the patient according to the body part that needs to be radiographed. This is likewise important to put patients in the most comfortable position, especially those who are not mobile and could not stand or walk, while doing radiographic procedures. Finally, X-ray shields and gowns are â€Å"physical barriers designed to provide protection from the effects of ionizing radiation; also, the technology of providing such protection† (McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering, 2002, par. 1). As emphasized, it is crucial and important for the â€Å"protection of human life (which) is the goal of radiation shielding. In other instances, protection may be required for structural materials which would otherwise be exposed to high-intensity radiation, or for radiation-sensitive materials such as photographic film and certain electronic components† (McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering, 2002, par.

Utility Concerns in Choosing an Assessment Method Assignment

Utility Concerns in Choosing an Assessment Method - Assignment Example Over the course of a year, the total income from the selected employee is estimated at $16,000, so, the per week income from the selected 50 employees is estimated at [{($16,000/365)*7}*50] = $15342 (approx.). These calculations clarify the selection expenditure of Randy and other expenditures from the salary proceedings of selected employees (Heneman, & et. al., 2014). For recruiting employees for ice-cream shops, Randy formulated two different types of selection methods, such as, interview process and work sample process. According to Prof. Higgins, if Randy used interview for selection method of employees then its validity would be 0.30 or 30%. On the other hand, if he followed work sample method then its validity would be 0.50 or 50%. For this selection method, Randy was received 100 applications from applicants. He used both the selection process. Interview selection process cost $100 per applicant on the other hand; work sample process cost $150 per applicants. It clearly suggest that work sample method of selection was costly than the interview process. From the previous calculation part, it is eminent that Randy invested $10,000 for the interview purposes of the applicants, additionally, $15,000 for work sample process to select the applicants. The average score of each of the applicants was 0.80. In that basis, it is apparent that selected applicant was reasonably profitable for the shops. If Randy could use only one selection process for applicants, he should use the work sample process. According to Prof. Higgins, work sample method’s validity would be 0.50, which was better than interview process (Heneman, & et. al., 2014). The reason of this was as interview process had the validity of 0.30. Employees were the public face of organization, so betterment in growth of organization should come from the great group of

Analytical Reseach paper on IDS systems SNORT Vs Bro Research

Analytical Reseach on IDS systems SNORT Vs Bro - Research Paper Example Intrusion detection can be carried out automatically as well as manually (Sundaram, 1996). At the present, there exist a large number of intrusion detection systems (IDS). Some intrusion detection systems are available in the open source environment, which make it easier for the organizations to adopt them according to their needs. The basic objective of this research is to provide an analysis of two open source intrusion detection systems: Snort and Bro. The structure of this paper is as follows: first of all an overview of the intrusion detection system is provided, next two sections present an overview of the two IDS systems and after that a comparison of these two IDSs is presented. Basically, an intrusion detection system is an application or device utilized to scrutinize the entire network traffic and notify the administrator or user when there has been an illegal effort or access. There are two major techniques of network traffic monitoring, one is anomaly-based and other is signature-based. Relying on the application or device utilized the intrusion detection system that would be able to either simply observe the administrator or user or it could be placed up to automatically respond in some way or block specific traffic (Bradley, 2015). In this scenario, anomaly based detection in the IDS that compares present network traffic to a known-good baseline to appear for something out of the normal. The intrusion detection system can be placed deliberately on the communication network as a network based intrusion detection or NIDS. This NIDS scrutinizes the entire communication network traffic. It can be installed on every individual communication system like a h ost-based intrusion detection or HIDS that scrutinizes traffic to as well as from that specific device (Bradley, 2015). Martin Roesch developed a NIDS (network intrusion detection system), which is mainly an open source NIDS, and called as Snort. It is basically a packet sniffer, which is

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Study the networked supply chain concept as implemented by Cisco. What are its strength and weaknesses? The California based network giant, Cisco Systems, Inc was founded in the 1984 by the scientist of Stanford University. The founder Len Bosack and Sandy Lerne along with Richard Troiano designed an operating system for routing data from one computer to another through the operating system called IOS (Internet Operating System) (Cisco-a). This successful venture of Cisco in the world of network made Cisco the giant for the next two decades. Headquartered at San Jose, California the company started operating through a customer support site in the year 1985. Then the company implemented the online service strategy through which the customers are able to download softwares and can update them instantly by downloading the updates from the site. With a massive increase in the number of calls in the support centre from 3000 calls in the year 1991 to 12,000 calls in the year 1992, the comp any successfully implemented their strategy and increased sale to great extent and dealt with large amount of transaction through customer support on its website. In the following year in 1993 Cisco implemented a new strategy to reach out to the global market and grabs the multinational customers through its new Internet based system for the customers. This Internet based support gave clients of Cisco the ability to post their queries in the portal which is directly reviewed by the company. With the success from the Customers Support Site the company launched Cisco Information Online service in the year 1994 for their customer. The customers are now able to view the products available from Cisco and also they can avail the technical support service and customer support from the online portal. In 1995 the company also added their products and services in the site to sell to their customers through application provided in the site which helped the customers to directly buy products or services from their website. The main concept behind this was to eliminating the ideas of paper work, fax, CD-ROM and various other materials for training directly to the web which can be accessed by the clients at any point of time from any parts of the world. This gave the company the opportunity to reduce cost from its employees, trade partners and reduce time for transaction and also increases the market reach at the same time. Farther in the year 1996 Cisco implemented the Networked Strategy for a more interactive approach towards the clients’ relationships. They implemented a new supply chain network which consists of Cisco employees, trade partners, manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors. The orders from the clients are stored in the databases which are accessible by all the members of the company and it is directly connected to the Enterprise Resource Planning system of the company for an easy handling of the stocks and the fast transaction for the customers. For an easy and on-time delivery system the company involved the third party logistics recourses into the system. The logistic providers access the order in the database via internet and can view the status of the order processing information. This direct fulfillment system increased the revenue of the company to a great extent and the company is able to save around $12 million annually with this new strategy implementation. For a more efficient testing process the company

Critically evaluate at least two different theories of autism Essay

Critically evaluate at least two different theories of autism - Essay Example And while in the mentioned films the problem of integration of people with autism in society is considered, modern medical researchers are not less concerned with the problem of uncovering the biological causes of autism. But this task is far from being an easy one, as can be judged from the fact that there are currently several tens of various theories that pretend if not to discover the single cause of autism, but at least to offer clues as to autism`s most fundamental physiological roots (Novartis Foundation, 2003, pp.8-9). In this regard, let us overview and critically evaluate several theories of autism, each of which highlights different biological mechanisms that are suspected to lead to this developmental disorder. In general, theories of autism emergence can be divided into large categories. One group of theories, such as for instance opioid excess theories, views autism as a consequence of certain inborn abnormalities; another group, like for example viral infection theories or the approach that accentuates the increased intestinal permeability, links autism with some acquired abnormalities; and there is a group of theories that aims to investigate the possibility of connection between autism and external factors of influence, such as the effects produced by certain types of vaccines. As can be immediately seen, the range of possible causes of autism is quite diverse. To better asses each type of approaches to autism study, we will overview the mentioned opioid excess theories, the viral infection theory, and the theory of the autism origin due to standard vaccinations of children. The opioid excess theories of autism emphasise abnormalities in the complex workings and influences of opioids and opioid-like substances in the human organism, and particularly in the brain. Natural opioids produce various effects upon the processes of hormonal regulation, especially if there is an

Case summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case summary - Assignment Example Furthermore the locality of the airline provides it with a competitive advantage as it is located in the region of Dubai which is the hub to several important cities throughout the world. Other than the locality the company does not face any issues from the unions and is owned by a single shareholder. The company is indulged in carefully attending to the customer’s needs and wants. The airline has quite strong relationships with its suppliers such as Airbus and Boeing and the airline even enjoys the benefits of government help as well as subsidized fuel. These advantages may prove to be a disadvantage if it wants to make a mark in other localities. It even experiences immense competition from domestic competitors such as Etihad Airlines as they are even performing quite well and are satisfying customer needs and wants in a successful manner. A major problem that the airline is experiencing is that its customers who are basically businesses and their employees are trying to cut down on their travelling

Hyatt Curacao Management Team and Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Hyatt Curacao Management Team and Marketing Strategy Essay According to Willemstad Curacao (2009), Diego Concha was been named broad manager of Hyatt Regency Curacao Golf Resort, Spa as well as Marina. He oversees the entire process of the 350-room resort, provides proficient control to a team of aggravated employees and adds his noted individual touch to guest dealings. Positioned along 1,500 acres of the Santa Barbara agricultural estate, a multi-faceted luxury resort society, The Hyatt Regency Curacao is seen. With refence to Agent at home Magazine(2010), Diego is the ultimate person to open Hyatt’s latest Caribbean resort, Carlos Cabrera is the higher-ranking vice president of ground operations for Hyatt Hotels Corporation. His experiences and proficiency in the area makes him supremely fit to help fuse Hyatt’s elevated level of values with the island’s rich artistic customs and refined contributions. There are five regional directors of revenue management who maintain the revenue managers and revenue maximization system. The regional directors are associated primarily by produce type, including huge convention, resorts and trade. The panel is dedicated to making Hyatt Regency Curacao the primary choice for leisure and commerce travelers in the Caribbean. And are dedicated to genuinely capturing the atmosphere of the resort. Hyatt uses a status of the art revenue management system to offer federal direction for pricing, division strategy and staff development. Revenue management, though, is supplementary than a computer system. It is an incorporated set of business process that brings together people and expertise, with the goal of accepting the market, anticipating customer behavior and responding fast to make best use of revenue opportunities that arise. Marketing strategy of Hyatt’s is planned to secure and build product value and awareness while gathering the specific business requirements of hotel operations. Creating and differentiating the brand location of Hyatt and our sub-brands is essential to growing Hyatt’s- brand first choice and demand, rate premium and linked business imperatives. Hyatt is paying attention on targeting the distinct consumer segments that each of our brands serves and sustaining the needs of the hotels by systematic analysis and appliance of data and analytics. There is a corresponding and integrated communication approach for the Hyatt master brand and each of the sub-brands from corner to corner in every distribution channel. They intend to retain and exploit the potential revenue of our existing customers and expand the number of new guests through an advertising approach powered by data and analytics. Sophisticated, quantitative strategic analytics and predictive model identify the most profitable customers, enabling Hyatt to leverage preference in all facets of marketing. The model is at present being utilized to enhance the value of our most loyal guests, the Gold Passport members, and inside three years, it will be activated all over the enterprise. Hyatt’s coordinated marketing initiatives gain a sub-set of hotels and resorts, as well as regional programs. Cost allotment is based on the balanced share of actualized room revenue for trailing twelve months of participating hotels in the beleaguered business segment. These include Summer Weekend vacation and Hyatt’s of Florida Group Marketing. It has full-service sumptuousness hotel will feature continuous water views on three sides, white sand beaches, a four-thousand square foot Hyatt Pure spa, separate twenty-four Hyatt Stay Fit fitness center, Camp Hyatt, several outdoor pools . The Corporate Marketing faction assigns a hotel marketing manager to each hotel to help market their personal property. The hotel marketing manager then assesses the property’s business requirements, issues and revenue- objectives and assists in the progress of the brand and promotional marketing programs. Hyatt’s marketing strategy is intended to secure and build brand value and awareness while meeting the precise business needs of hotel operations. Building and differentiating the brand location of Hyatt and our sub-brands is essential to increasing Hyatt’s brand preference and claim, rate premium and associated business imperatives. Hyatt is focused on targeting the diverse customer segments that each of our brands serves and sustaining the needs of the hotels by thorough analysis and use of analystics and data. Their intention is to retain and maximize the possible revenue of existing consumers and expand the number of new guests through a marketing approach powered by data and analytics. Sophisticated, quantitative planned analytics and predictive modeling identify the most profitable customers, enabling Hyatt to leverage partiality in all facets of marketing. The model is currently being utilized to improve the value of our most loyal guests, Gold Passport members, and in three years, it will be activated all over the enterprise. Coordinated Hyatt’s marketing initiatives benefit a sub-set of hotels with resorts, and also regional programs. In conclusion the business has been established in a manner that only good management can make it be what it is today. It consists of highly qualified personnel; this is from the manager to the staff. Hyatt Curaccao has a well market strategy with brand, analytic, field market, proper revenue management and management team. The Cost allocation is based on the balanced share of actualized room revenue for sprawling twelve months of participating hotels in the targeted business section this runs for a period of twelve months in order to stabilize the business. The Corporate Marketing group selects and assigns a hotel marketing manager to every hotel to help market their personal property. The marketing manager of the hotel assesses the business property, issues and revenue objectives and assists in the improvement of the brand and promotional marketing programs. This is all done in a professional manner.

A Non Excusable Delay Construction Essay

A Non Excusable Delay Construction Essay 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, I will discuss types, causes and effects of delay of project in the construction industry. Besides that, I will also discuss the method to minimize the delays happening in construction industry 2.2 Type of Delay In construction industry, there are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1 Delay Concurrent Delay Excusable Delay Non-Excusable Delay Entitlement for time Compensable Non-compensable Figure 2.1 Types of Delay 2.2.1 Excusable delays Excusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractors or the subcontractors control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable such as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract drawing, unusually severe weather and etc. Excusable delays can be further classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. (Ibnu Abbas Majid,2006) 2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation Compensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late release from the owners architect. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule extension and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect costs for both extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead. (Abdul Hamid Kadir Pakir 2009) 2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensation Non-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically include acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally entitled to claim extension of time but no compensation for delay damages. (Abdul Hamid Kadir Pakir 2009) 2.2.2 Non-excusable delays Non-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction project. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productivity, improper project planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong construction methods, equipment breakdowns, unreliable subcontractors or suppliers. Therefore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they completed the project. For instance, a contractor failure to provide an adequate material to completed their job. 2.2.3 Concurrent Delay Concurrent delay is a problem that happening on most of the construction industry project. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same time in a project cannot complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are responsible for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distribution between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delays: If excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of time: If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damages: If two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of time and delay damages. For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner failure to give more detail regarding either using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet floor finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but actually owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing 2.3 Cause of delay Bramble and Callahan (1987) have defined that ; a delay is the time during which some part of the construction project has been extended or not performed due to an unanticipated circumstance. An incident of delay can originate from within the contractors organization or from any of the other factors interfacing upon construction Project. Some projects are only a few days behind the schedule; some are delayed over a year. So it is essential to define the actual causes of delay in order to minimize and avoid the delays in any construction project. Many and various studies were carried to assess the causes of delays in construction projects. Assaf et al., (1995) surveyed the causes of delay in large building construction projects in Saudi Arabia. The most important causes of delay project in construction industry included approval of delays in payments to contractors and the resulting cash-flow problems during construction, shop drawings, design changes, conflicts in work schedules of subcontractors, design errors, labor shortage and inadequate labor skills, slow decision making and executive bureaucracy in the owners organizations. Mezher et al., (1998) conducted a survey of the causes of delays in the construction industry in Lebanon from the viewpoint of owners, contractors and architectural/engineering firms. It was found that owners had more concerns with regard to financial issues; contractors regarded contractual relationships the most important, while consultants considered project management issues to be the most important causes of delays. Ogunlana et al., (1996) studied the delays in building projects in Thailand, as an example of developing economies. They concluded that the problems of the construction industry in developing economies could be nested in three layers: problem of shortages or inadequacies in industry infrastructure, mainly supply of resources, problems caused by clients and consultants, and problems caused by incompetence of contractors. Kumaraswamy et al., (1998) surveyed the causes of construction delays in Hong Kong as seen by clients, contractors and consultants, and examined the factors affecting productivity. The survey revealed differences in perceptions of the relative significance of factors between the three groups, indicative of their experiences, possible prejudices and lack of effective communication. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) conducted a survey to evaluate the relative importance of 83 potential delay factors in Hong Kong construction projects and found five principal factors: poor risk management and supervision, unforeseen site conditions, slow decision making, client-initiated variations, and work variations.these causes were categorized into the following into eight groups: Project-related factors include project characteristics, necessary variations, communication among the various parties, speed of decision making involving all project teams, and ground conditions; Client-related factors include those concerned with client characteristics, project financing, their variations and requirements, and interim payments to contractors; Design team-related factors include design team experience, project design complexity, and mistakes and delays in (producing) design documents; Contractor-related factors include contractor experience in planning and controlling the projects, site management and supervisions, degree of subcontracting, and their cash-flow; Materials related factors include shortages, materials changes, procurement programming, and proportion of off-site prefabrication; Labor factors related include labor shortages, low skill levels, weak motivation, and low productivity; Plant/Equipment related factors include shortages, low efficiency, breakdowns, and wrong selection; and External factors include waiting time for approval of drawings and test samples of materials and environmental concerns and restrictions. Abd. Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of non-excusable delays that influence contractors performance. They classified the main causes of non excusable delays according to the source of occurrence, and then identified the factor contributing to those causes. It is assumed that the client has more control over the compensable delays and can take action to prevent them. The contractor is expected to have control over the non-excusable delays and, presumably, do more to prevent them. They classified the factor of causes of non-excusable delays into twelve groups: material-related delays; labor-related delays; equipment-related delays; financial-related delays; improper planning; lack of control; subcontractor-related delays; poor coordination; inadequate supervision; improper construction methods; technical personnel shortages; and poor communication. Mansfield et al., (1994) studied the causes of delay and cost overrun in construction projects in Nigeria. The results showed that the most important factors are financing and payment for completed works, poor contract management, changes in site conditions, shortage of material, and improper planning. Al-Momani (2000) conducted a quantitative analysis of construction delays by examining the records of 130 public building projects constructed in Jordan during the period of 1990Â ¯1997. The researcher presented regression models of the relationship between actual and planned project duration for different types of building facilities. The analysis also included the reported frequencies of time extensions for the different causes of delays. The researcher concluded that the main causes of delay in construction projects relate to designers, user changes, weather, site conditions, late deliveries, economic conditions, and increase in quantities.

The Positive Research Paradigm

The Positive Research Paradigm A paradigm can be defined as a set of shared assumptions about some aspect of the world. A research paradigm directs our approach towards research by defining the ontology and epistemology of our research. That is, a paradigm denotes its members shared premise regarding the nature of reality, the purpose of research and the form of knowledge it provides. (OATES, 2007:282; LEE, 2004:5) Lee (2004:5-6) notes that research paradigms can be separated by their various ontologies and epistemologies. A paradigms ontology encapsulates the researchers view of what the real world is. An ontology flows to one or more epistemology. Epistemology is the over-arching process by which a school of thought performs its logical and empirical work. Epistemologies are usually labeled to be either quantitative or qualitative. Again, and epistemology is divided into several lower levels of methodology which is he more specific manner in which research is conducted. The devices defined in each methodology are called methods. The positivistic research paradigm, or scientific method, is an approach towards research founded on the premise that our world is defined by a set of regular laws or patters, and that we can investigate these laws objectively (OATES, 2007:283). Lee (2004:8) defines the positivism paradigm as one in which theory is typically provided as a set of related variables express by some form of formal logic, proven empirically to be significant. Positivism is term used to characterize a specific research position in which scientific theory is grounded on objective empirical observation. Positivism offers predictions based on the knowledge of laws that connect specific outcomes with specific initial conditions. (ROMM, 1991:1). 2. Comte and Popper on positivism The positivistic school of thought can be found in early work of such as Bacon, Galileo and Newton (OATES, 1992:283). Auguste Comte and Karl Popper contributed significantly towards systematizing, clarifying and formalizing the arguments posed by earlier authors (ROMM, 1991:1; LEE, 1992:8). Comte was born in 1798, just after the French revolution which characterized a period of social and political revolt against aristocratic rule in European. At this time positivistic philosophy has already filtered down to the physical sciences but it was yet to reach the social sciences. Comte became concerned with finding theoretical and practical solutions to the social anarchy of the period. He argued that the social research will only be able to serve as moral compass if it was to become a science. (ROMM, 1992: 10-11) Popper, born in 1902, grew up in a socialist pre-Viennese society which was characterized by doctornistic views as opposed to critical thinking. Popper was intrigued by Einsteins approach to theorizing. Einstein regarded his own theory as plausible only if it failed critical tests. Popper became convinced that the only way to build strong theory was to define critical test that could refute the theory but never verify it. (ROMM, 1992: 28-29) ROMM (1992:9-97) defines positivism with reference to the original writings of Comte (1975) and Popper (1992). He discusses this philosophy on the grounds of its definition of knowledge, the logic that governs its investigation, the methods used in investigation and the practical utility of knowledge: 2.1. The definition of knowledge. Comte criticized theological and metaphysical view of the world. According to the theological view all abnormalities in the universe is the direct and conscious intervention of a supernatural agent, while the metaphysical view describes all phenomena as the reaction of some abstract forces, real entity or personified abstraction being invoked. Comte regarded this as untrue and incompatible with science. Comte defined phenomena as being governed by set natural laws which, if known, can be used to predict the outcomes. These natural laws state under which circumstance we can expect to encounter a certain outcome. We can learn these laws by analyzing the circumstances that produce an outcome and drawing inference to its succession. Only by asking questions about these natural laws can we create knowledge. Asking questions about first-and-final truths is futile, because this is beyond the reach of human comprehension. Popper agrees with Comte that a natural law is an unvarying regularity that defines the outcome that flows from a certain set of circumstances. Knowledge is added by uncovering theses laws operating in the respective fields of enquiry. According to Popper, scientist should not be sidetracked by the essentialist meaning of things (first-and-final truths) but rather in observing occurrences in the world in order to find true theories and descriptions of the world. Popper also adds that even the formulation and falsification of untrue theories advances knowledge, such that by discovering mistakes we better approximate truths. 2.2. Logic that governs its investigation. Comte argues that observed facts are the only basis for speculation. We should observe and reason about facts to form knowledge, rather than sterile empiricism. Sound theorizing should guide our observations; science therefore is a cycle of theorizing, observing and building theories. The process of building knowledge starts by deducing or inducing a hypothesis from general theory or specialized theory respectively. Induction is the logical formation of generalized theory form specialized consequences. For example, every life form we know of depends on liquid water to exist; all life depends on liquid water to exist. Deduction is the logical formation of specialized consequences from generalized theory. A popular example, all men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. Comte (1975) describes a hypothesis as the provisional supposition, altogether conjectural in the first instance with regards to some of the notions which are the object of enquiry. Simply put, a hypothesis states the anticipated result for undertaking a scientific enquiry. A hypothesis is valid if it is able to accurately predict what it is proposing given the initial set of circumstances. Science therefore is the activity of observing and disclosing the new observable consequences that confirms or invalidates our primitive supposition. We constantly incorporate new knowledge by making new observations or more profound meditations that either refute or confirm our hypothesis. Through repeated scientific endeavors knowledge comes to approximate reality. Poppers definition of a hypothesis is similar to that of Comte, but he differs in his approach of validation a hypothesis. Popper criticize Comte arguing that our experience can only falsify our theories not validate them. He postulates that a statement can only be verified as not being untrue as opposed to being true. He argues that theories can never be validated, but only corroborated. A theory is corroborated if we are, based on experience to date, unable to falsify a theory. The strength of a hypothesis lies in its openness to be tested on observations made. Popper describes science then to be the formulation of testable theories which cannot be falsified through experience. Poppers work also introduces an additional idea of probability statements which is hypothesis with some form of probability of outcome attached. Logically these statements can never be proven to be untrue. Popper argues that this hypothesis can be corroborated if they reasonably present all possible outcomes and if they cannot be falsified given reasonable and fair samples. Unlike Comte, Popper does not follow the notion that theories can be induced from specialized facts. With reference to the work of David Hume (1748), Popper argues that induction cannot be justified rationally. We should not go from fact to theory, but rather deduce our hypothesis into lower level statements which are individually testable hypothesis, which when falsified proving our original hypothesis wrong. Popper argues that we should ensure purity and objectivity in our research by subjecting our decision (on whether our most basic lower level statements should be accepted) to peer criticism. Through criticism science will become unbiased and detached from individuals. 2.3. The methods used in investigation. Compete argues that we should test our hypothesis by observing how they hold in reality. Direct observation is when we look at phenomena before our eyes. As example, in astronomy we observed that planets are elliptical with flat ends on both sides. Observation by experiments is when we observe how phenomena react to artificially modified circumstance. As example, in physics we experiment with gravity by having different particles fall to the ground. Comparison is when we observe a series of analogous cases in which the phenomena is more and more simplified. As example, imagine the comparison of the same chemical fluid under different combinations of pressure and temperature. Popper also distinguishes between experiments and observations as the two main positivistic methods of research. He does however disagree that comparison is a methods on its own, but argues that it is inherent to the other two methods. In an experiment, as example, a researcher compares the artificially induced results with the results under normal conditions. Both Popper and Comte both (referencing Francis Bacon) argue that empirical methods are superior as they provide objectivity to researchers that untimely removes bias from the science. They do however mention that observation should take place in all five senses, and though it might be possible to objectively measure an observed distance, it might be less possible to objectively measure smell. Qualifying these abstract observations should be done in a way that is unambiguous. For example, the distinct rotten-egg smell of H2S is widely cited in modern scientific literature. 2.4. Practical utility of knowledge. Comte theorized that once we know a certain outcome will always occur given conditions presented we are able to produce the outcomes we want. Theories formed for truly scientific purposes will result in knowledge to be acquired, and eventually lead to practical uses. If science is able to furnish the theoretical basis for practical action, Comte hoped, we will be able to direct social outcomes. We are able to use the knowledge of the laws that govern society to correct the negative externalities in the world. Popper argues that knowledge allow us to predict on the basis of engineering the initial conditions. With the knowledge that science provide we can plan to make their society a better and more reasonable one. We should use piece-tinkering (as termed by Popper for policy that is aimed at singular results) to mitigate unavoidable results of change rather than striving towards ideal. 3. Discussion of positivism Ramm (1991:55) defines positivism as the belief in logico-deductive theory as the idealized conception of scientific theory. Many researchers do accept the principles of the positivistic approach without explicitly noting positivism as there ontology. Positivistic research tries to find cause and effect relationships between dependent and independent variables in order to make predictions about our reality. According to the positivistic paradigm science should seek to find all the regular laws or patters in our universe. These laws and patterns in our world exist independently of any individual cognition. We can carry out experiments or observe reality to determine cause and effect relationships and test hypotheses regarding these relationships. Aim of science is to explain the variation in the dependent variable with reference to the variation in the independent variable. (Ramm, 1992:57; Lee, 2004:8; Oates, 2007:284) Our hypotheses can either be refuted by empirical investigation or corroborated. Some hypothesis will seem to be true for all observations made, and after reasonable peer review we can accept them to be true. If something is found to be false just once, it is false. In the positivistic ontology theories and explanations should be seen as the best knowledge that approximates reality at the current time. (Ramm, 1992:52; Oates, 2007:285) Modern positivism is seen as the cycle between induction and deduction (Ramm, 1992:61). o Derive hypothesis from more general statements o Test these hypothesis through observation o Generate empirical generalizations o Induce theoretical principles which should again be tested. Our observations should be tested empirically. Ramm (1992:60) notes that data collected should not be treated as formless mass; neither should theoretical categories be imposed on the data a priori. Theoretical notions become grounded in empirical observation, and data is offered theoretical treatment. Oates (2007:288) refers to this in terms of internal validity external validity. The data generated should be designed to provide the necessary insight into the research topic under observation as well as be applicable in a more general context. According to Oates (2007:285) the techniques that lie at the center of positivistic research are: Reductionism: breaking complex things into smaller things that are more easy to be studies Repeatability: researcher dont rely on the results of just one experiment, they repeat the experiments many times to be sure that their first set of results was not just a fluke Refutation: If other researchers cant repeat an experiment and get the same results as the original researchers they refute they hypothesis. The more a hypothesis can stand up to test designed to refute it, the stronger it is Oates (2007:33) lists the following possible research strategies: survey, design and creation, experiment, case study, action research, ethnography and interviews. Ramm (1992:67) suggest that the experiment and the survey are the favored methods to observe within the positivistic epistemology. The research paradigm in question is not determined by the research strategy used but rather on the shared assumptions about how to view the world. Oates (1992: 286) names five characteristics of the positivistic research ontology: The world exists independently of humans: Physical and social world exist independently from individual how the world works. Measurement and modeling: Researcher discovers this world by making observations and measurements and producing models of how it works Objectivity: the researcher is neutral and objective and impartial to observer Hypothesis testing: Research is based on the empirical testing of theories and hypotheses lead to confirmation or refutation of them Quantitative data analysis: Research often have a strong preference for mathematical modeling and proofs and statistical analysis Universal laws: A researcher looks for generalizations universal laws patterns or irrefutable facts that can be shown to be true regardless of the researcher and the occasions. Furthermore Oates (2007:287) characterizes quality positivistic research as being, Objective: Research needs to be free of bias and individual preferences. Reliable: The research instruments used need to be neutral, accurate and reliable. Repeated use of the same instrument should yield the same results. Internally valid: The research methods well chosen and designed to provide the necessary insight into the research topic under observation. Externally valid: The research should be applicable in a more general context. Positivism should not be confused with qualitative research, it does tend to follow apply quantitative research methods; but it should be distinguished on the grounds of its ontology (Oates, 2007:287). The Oxford (2010:1198) dictionary distinguishes quantitative research as being characterized by assigning values, measures or numbers to variables representing the entity under observation, whereas qualitative research describe entities in terms of adjectives. Both Popper (1992) and Comte (1975) mentions that empirical methods provide objectivity to researchers. Qualitative methods are not excluded from positivistic research though; they can be included in positivistic research if they are done in an objective, neutral and repeatable fashion. Furthermore, Oates (1992) distinguishes between four data generation data generation methods: observation, interviews, questionnaires and documents. These methods fall under the ontology of positivism when they meet the characteristics listed above. In most cases interviews are not objective and repeatable, but this research method to can be applied in the framework of positivistic research. As example, physiological ink blob tests/interviews are conducted in an objective and repeatable fashion and responses modeled and evaluated empirically. Documents can fall inside or outside the positivistic ontology as well. They can directly provide quantified facts and measures or they can be analyzed objectively. For example, Google search engines use heuristic measures to objectively measure the relevance of internet pages. Observation and questionnaires can also fall within or outside the scope of the positivistic ontology depending on how the research approaches are designed. Questionnaires with open ended questions falls under the interpretive approach, while questionnaires that require respondents to rate options or provide short true-false yes-no responses are positivistic. Whether observation falls within the scope of positivistic research again depends on whether this research instrument is objective and repeatable. 4. Conclusion The essence of the positivistic approach is systematic skepticism. The proper approach is to disprove that which researcher believe is actually true. Empirical testing can never proof without a doubt a hypothesis. Science is a method by which theories are formulated and tested repeatedly and objectively against appropriate observations. It is therefore the continuous process of deciding how to observe, code and analyses our observations, and in the light of these observations we decide to temporally accept or reject the postulated hypothesis. Primary Sources: OATES, B. 2006. Researching Information Systems and Computing. London: Sage. 341 p. ROMM, N.R.A. 1991. The Methodologies of Positivism and Marxism. A sociological Debate. Hong Kong: Macmillan. 208 p. LEE, A. 2004. Thinking about Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Technology. 26p. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.137.3685rep=rep1type=pdf Date of access: 20 Feb 2010. OXFORD. 2010. Oxford dictionary: International Students Edition. 8th ed. Oxford Press. 1888p. Significant Secondary Sources: COMTE, A. 1907. Auguste Comte and positivism edited by John Stuart Mill. 5th ed. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner. POPPER, K,R. 1992. The logic of scientific discovery. London: Routledge. 479 p. HUME, D. 1748. An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. London

Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book that I choose to read and analyze was Jefferson The Virginian, written by Dumas Malone. This book was the first volume and it was written in 1948. I choose this book because I have always been interested in Thomas Jefferson and his life. I found this book to be extremely informative about Jefferson. It included growing up on the fringe of western settlement in Virginia, the college of William and Mary in Williamsburg, to the years he served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, to helping write the Declaration of Independence, and to his years as president of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson was born April 2nd 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia. His parents were Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph, the House they live in was called Shadwell, it was named after the parish in London where his mother was from. Jefferson’s father died in the summer of 1757. In Peter Jefferson’s will he said not until his son turned twenty-one would he be able to receive what had been left to him, which included lands on either the Rivanna or the Fluvanna, a proper share of the livestock, half of the slaves not disposed of, and the residue of the estate. After his father’s death he had no true father figure in his early life. The man who had the greatest impact early in his life was while he was studying under the Reverend James Maury. This partnership probably did little to influence Jefferson’s political views in future years, but Maury did encourage him to study the classics like the Greeks and Italians. After leaving from Maur y’s school he attended William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. The most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   influential professor that he had here was William Small who taught philosophy. Another Influence that Small had on his life was that he got Jefferson work in the law office of George Wythe. He studied law for five years under Wythe. While under Wythe’s leadership Jefferson became friend’s with the governor of the time Francis Fauquier, he was able to meet him through Wythe’s service on the general court. In 1767 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgess at the age of twenty-five, and five years later he married Martha Wayles Skelton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it came to time for the revolution against the British Empire, Thomas Jefferson was more than ready. Before he wrote his chief literary contribution to the revolutionary cause, he wrote Summary View.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Hello, Class of 2012. We're graduating. June 12 is the day we have worked toward for the past 12 years. We have reached the time where we say good-bye to Hayes and hello to our futures outside its hallowed walls. Our teachers have taught all they can about life's many obstacles and pitfalls, and even taught us a few tricks on how to work them out. Every year we have met new teachers who have made such an impact on our lives that we keep in contact throughout the years. They gave us memories to cherish and keep with us. They have been there for us when we needed them, and they never complained. We knew we could always go to them with our problems and not be judged. We have had our star athletes, our strong academic students, and our extraordinary artists and performers. But I believe the strong, the extraordinary, the stars of Hayes High School were and always will be the teachers. We will never forget them. We're graduating. The stars in our life are not only found inside Hayes' walls, but elsewhere. These people have to put up with us every day and every night. They hav...

Comparison Between E-Business and Traditional Business

INTRODUCTION Electronic Business (E-Business) is a perplexing practice due to the numerous aspects it involves. In today’s rapidly changing environment, organizations adopt E-Business to respond to several business drivers. The progressions of the macro-environments are creating innovative business environments, in which E-Business is considered a normal practice. This paper attempts to model the business environment and evaluate its competitive characteristics by comparing the traditional business with E-Business. Kreplin.K, et al (2000), identified â€Å"Reality† and â€Å"Virtuality† terms; these terms differentiates traditional business from E-Business. According to Kreplin. K, et al (2000), E-Business is based on a virtual (digital) business process with a virtual agent, and virtual product. Traditional Business is a physical business process with respect to the macro-environments. The macro-environment components can influence the way entrepreneurs use the internet to coordinate export businesses. Analysis of the macro-environment comprises of cultural, economic, competition, political and legal factors that affect the way business transactions are made today.CULTURAL CHALLENGES In the cultural dimension, traditional business entrepreneurs will face a major challenge. In this case, infrastructure cost is what worries traditional businesses of today. As opposed to E-businesses, online business transactions incur minimal cost (Robertson. B & Sribar. V, n. d. ). Whereas, traditional businesses will have to incur a significant amount of cost in order to remain competitive in the market. This is due to the fact that there is a paradigm shift towards a more innovative market alongside the consumers.Through the report it is assured that in the long term infrastructure cost will be the key obstacle for traditional entrepreneurs as newer technological innovations take place (Robertson. B & Sribar. V, n. d. ). Opposing to the traditional method of business, E-businesses also have their share of cultural challenges. Firstly, entrepreneurs will experience a change in the nature of workforce (Parreiras. F , n. d. ). According to Heerwagen. J, Kelly. K, Kampschroer. K (2010), the structure of work is now more cognitively complex, team-based, nd time pressured. This movement causes entrepreneurs to be more competitive. Secondly, there is resistance to change when an organization moves towards adopting E-business (Parreiras. F, n. d. ). In a research done by Ahmed. Z and et al. (2006), it was determined that the resistance to change will cripple the organization. Thus, it is important for the entrepreneurs to adapt to rigid cultures. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES In the aspect of economy, the nation’s currency plays a vital role. Thus, it also poses as an obstacle for traditional businesses.In areas of importing and exporting, entrepreneurs need a mutually agreed upon currency (e. g. U. S dollar) due to different payment methods. Furthermore, being sensitive towards exchange rates of currencies is vital as it will affect the buying decisions (Kavas. F, 2011). As compared to E-business transactions, the fluctuation in currency is harder to depict; thus, becoming a challenge for traditional businesses. On the other hand, E-businesses also experiences economic challenges. Firstly, the free entry into the digital market will be a problem for entrepreneurs.As there are minimal barriers to entry, it would mean that E-businesses are operating in a highly competitive market whereby competitive advantage is almost impossible as highlighted by M. Hassan & E. Harris (2007). With this tight competition among entrepreneurs the issue of imitation of products will arise. As described in the related research paper, it was revealed that a massive amount of imitation took place as it was a cost effective method to most entrepreneurs. Therefore, it becomes an obstacle for E-business entrepreneurs. COMPETITIONWhen it comes to t raditional businesses, entrepreneurs will definitely face competition. One major factor that entrepreneurs have to consider while exporting their products is the difference in time zones. An article written by Henricks. M (2006) explains that the time zone differences will cause a lot of difficulty in terms of decision making, planning shipment, organizing logistics and more. As opposed to E-business, E-business have online softwares that enables smooth communication through digital platforms regardless of time zone differences.For E-business entrepreneurs, the first challenge here is the difficulty to obtain capital large enough for any ventures. This includes the research and development needed for the product. In the report â€Å"Managing Worldwide operations & Communications with Information Technology† (2007), it was highlighted that many venture capitalist will incur higher risk with large sums of capital. This is because there is high uncertainty of success for entrepr eneurs to compete in an open market environment. In addition, another factor arises which is also known to be labour market exuberance.This is described as an irrational competition that arose with the increasing need of technical skills (e. g. software programming). Therefore, firms will likely experience a short supply of skilled workers (Wright. P & Lee. D , 2000). POLITICAL & LEGAL CHALLENGES In the area of political and legal, there is a major concern of the country’s policy for traditional businesses. Entrepreneurs need to abide by both the local and the other country’s laws and regulations while selecting to export goods over. This is due to several laws are made according to the country’s culture and beliefs (Kavas.F, 2011). For instance, products that contain pork are restricted in Islamic countries due to their religious beliefs. Apart from that, there is an essential concern of the security and privacy of E-businesses (Parreiras. F, n. d. ). A researc h on â€Å"Security and Trust in E-Business† by Valmurugan,M. S (2009) discussed the unawareness of E-business transactions and the degree of confidentiality of E-business transactions. Without the trust of consumers, entrepreneurs in the E-business line will be facing serious competition to obtain their share of the market.Another major concern is the government regulations. The government needs to play a role to protect the consumers against unfair and deceptive trading especially when it comes to Internet banking (Kay. A, Hafeez. K & Siddiqi. J, n. d. ). Therefore, this would become a small obstacle for E-business entrepreneurs as they need to adhere closely to government policies. CONCLUSION This research paper covered numeral aspects of traditional businesses and E-businesses with respect to the macro-environmental challenges faced by the entrepreneurs.Because we live in a rapid changing environment, businesses will continuously face multiple challenges. The traditional way of business may have been successful in the past, but now is the time for change. E-business enables organizations to reach global markets; thus, crossing borders with less restraint from trade barriers. Evidently illustrated by Fleenor. C & Raven. P (n. d. ), the adoption rate of internet is growing tremendously and that governments of international countries recognises such growth; hence, promoting it as well within their country (e. . E-government). Although there may be areas that E-business is a challenging area to pursue; however, without such obstacles businesses will never revolutionalize. Therefore, it goes to show how businesses have evolved over the decades. Business entrepreneurs need to be more innovative as traditional business will soon be uncompetitive. 1,111 words Reference List Ahmed, Z. et al. (2006)  RESISTANCE TO CHANGE AND ERP IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES. [online] Available at: http://web. usm. my/aamj/11. . 2006/AAMJ%2011-2-1. pdf [Accessed: 26/9/2012]. Fleenor,, C. and Raven, P. (n. d. )  Barriers To Effective E-Business In Developing Countries. [online] Available at: http://www. google. com. my/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CC0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcluteonline. com%2Fjournals%2Findex. php%2FIBER%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F3912%2F3957&ei=dTRlULXHAcnlrAeTuICgDg&usg=AFQjCNFo3MqMmHHbqbtHGpyGH9MPiLUQhA&sig2=NnGIv4mCofIkSx211W9PVw [Accessed: 28/9/2012]. Hassan, M. and Harris, E. 2009)  Entrepreneurship and innovation in e-commerce  . [online] Available at: http://www. journalamme. org/papers_vol32_1/32114. pdf [Accessed: 25/9/2012]. Heerwagen, J. et al. (2010)  The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace. [online] Available at: http://www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php [Accessed: 26/9/2012]. HENRICKS,M . (2006)  How Time Zones Affect Global Businesses. [online] Available at: http://www. entrepreneur. com/article/160228 [Accessed: 28/9/ 2012]. Kay, A. et al. (n. d. )  AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE KEY DRIVERS AND

Jean Froissart Essay

The French historian and poet Jean Froissart (c. 1333-c. 1405) was educated for the church but at the age of nineteen began to write a history of the wars of his time. In 1360 he went to England, where he received a gracious welcome from Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III, who appointed him clerk of her chamber. In 1364 he traveled in Scotland, where he was the guest of King David Bruce and of the Earl of Douglas. In 1366 he went to Aquitaine with the Black Prince; in 1368 he was in Italy, possibly with Chaucer and Patriarch, at the marriage of the Duke of Clarence. About 1390 he settled in Flanders, and resumed work on his Chronicle. In 1395 he revisited England, and was cordially welcomed by Richard II. He then returned to Chimay, where he had obtained a canonry, and where he may have died. This essay will explore the three places where Jean had visited and her description on loyalty, nationality and chivalry. Go Normandy instead of Taking Gascoyne, testing the loyalty of the King. During the plan attacked to Gascoyne to rescue his men were sore constrained in the castle of Aiguillon. Lord of Harcourt suggested to the King of England to change the route instead of taking Gascoyne, he wanted rather to set a land to Normandy. He reasons out â€Å"jeopardy of my head, if ye will land there, there is none that shall resist you; the people of Normandy have not been used to the War, and all the knights and squires of the country are now at the siege before Aiguillon with the duke and I require you to believe me in this voyage. † By this reasons he wanted the King to believe in him. (Boss, p. 6) Because of the loyalty of the King he agrees with the lord of Harcourt. The King then he commanded the mariners to set their course to Normandy, and he took into his ship. (Page 6). However, the King before deciding he should first think and consult also all other lords, earls, barons and knights. (Page 5). I believe more head is better than one head. The decision of the King display loyalty to only one person. He didn’t draw a plan that if he takes Normandy what consequences they are going to face and the positive possibilities might happen. If they take Gascoyne what are some advantages and disadvantages. Loyalty is good to see in a person just like what Froissart wanted and like to have in a person. Conquering the Hogue Saint-Vaast is the only means of giving joyful to his men. The Knights sees the negative signed when they arrived in Hogue Saint-Vaast. This signed is the fallen of the King to the ground, that the blood brast out of his nose. (Page 7). So they wanted to warn the King that might evil things will happen. The knights want the Kings and the whole groups’ safety. But the King answered quickly and said: â€Å"Wherefore? This is a good token for me, for the land desired to have me. ‘ Of which answer all his men were right joyful† (Page7). In this passage he never believed his knight and even don’t want to listen to the idea that his knights was pointing out. The King believed that conquering this place would be the only great joyful to his people. He doesn’t take the advice of his knights. He is not loyal to his knights he thinks that the taking the place can give happiness to his people by robbing the other country and burning the house. These acts break the code of chivalric. Where Jean Froissart hated especially the cruelty they display. The only way in succeeding the war is being Loyal to the King and the constable. During the battle of Caen, the men of lord of France display loyalty to their Kings and constable for they will not do any fights with out the King and the constable. The men feel power and courage if they have the King and the constable in their sides. They believed that loyalty to the king and constable made them win in the war. Succeeding in the war can be harvested if the King and the constable showed their full support and braveness. The King of France and constable agrees with his men says ‘In the name of God be it, ye shall not fight without me. ‘(p. 12) Then they issued out in good order and made good face to fight and to defend them and to put their lives in adventure†. (Tetterton, 1993). The King and constable believed that if they are with the men in the war they will have the glory. Their presence can make the men brave and assertive in the war. To a certain extend they are right. Their loyalty to the King and constable are plays a lot especially pleasing their Kings. But they forget that they must first loyalty to one self and create confident and courage to their heart to win the war. Loyalty to self is the most important to all endeavors. Loyalty to one self can make a person brave. It can even do the impossible things that are extraordinary to others. If a person lacks this loyalty to others and to one self failure might occur. That’s maybe they are fought in the battle of Caen over the England. Nationalism is the only way in retrieving the lost country. The King of France shows nationalism in acting to retrieve his country that devastated by the Englishmen men. (Tetterton, 1993) His country was Brent, exiled, robbed, wasted and pilled the good with the Englishmen. He felt that his people pain and swear and said how they should never return again defaulted withal, and that such hurts and damages as they had done should be dearly revenged. (p. 10) By these barbaric act done by the opponents, the King of France call all the great leaders in his country and plan in retrieving and depending his people who are now under the hands of the England. In response to the call of the King of France all the great leaders come and set with the King of France. Like the lord John of Hainault, who came to him with a great number: also the king sent for other men of arms, dukes, earls, barons, knights and squires, and assembled together the greatest number of people that had been seen in France a hundred year before (P. F. Collier & SON). Lord John of Hainault responded because he has Nationalism in his country if that’s the reason he agree with the King sacrificing his life in defending the people who are violated by the Englishmen. I agree with the King of France in retrieving his country against the opponent. And I believed that Jean Froissart also agree for he love nationalism. Nationalism should be live in heart for every human. Defending the nation is great honor for every citizen. Dying for one’ country is a great privilege for a servant. Conclusion This essay shows nationalism is important to the King of France in defending their country. The King call all his great leaders and sacrificing his safety for the good of his people. While the King of England shows more loyalty to his trusted arm men who happen to be his cousin the lord of Harcourt. Finally, the scene above as stipulated by Jean Froissart shows nationalism greater in France and lesser in England, by the way they acted on the situation during the war. Jeans Foissart who loves chivalry who is violated both the France and England during the war. The cruelty done to women who Foissart disagree to see was there. The men in the war did not show politeness to the citizens. All they think is there happiness in taking advantages to the captured enemy. Loyalty and nationalism should be done and accomplished not to violate human rights of others. It should be put and live in our heart. References Boss, Judy. The Chronicles of Froissart. 22 November 2006, from Conversion to TEI-conformant markup: University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center. : 1994

The Crucible Quotes

â€Å"He believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best efforts to win people and God to his side† Miller about Parris and how he doesn’t belong to the community but belongs to religion pg13 â€Å"To the European world the whole province was a barbaric frontier inhabited by a sect of fanatics† Belonging to a place – Miller says this about Salem 13 â€Å"Their creed forbade anything resembling a theatre or ‘vain enjoyment’. † Miller says what belonging to a community/group can lead people to feel/do 14 A holiday from work meant only that they must concentrate even more upon prayer† Miller tells us about what THEOCRATIC society required 14 â€Å"This predilection for minding other people’s business was time-honoured among the people of Salem† Miller explains what it meant when people belonged to a community 14 â€Å"The edge of the wilderness was close by†¦and it was full of mystery for them. † Miller states that belonging to such a wild place may be reason for the witch hunts 14 â€Å"†¦the Salem folk believed that the virgin forest was the Devil’s last preserve, his home base and the citadel of his final stand†.This again shows that Miller believes that the location played a role in their beliefs. Highlights also their strong beliefs in religion and how theocracy ruled their society. 15 â€Å"†¦their church found it necessary to deny any other sect its freedom† Miller highlights that you either belonged with their church or didn’t belong at all. 15 â€Å"†¦the people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of state and religious power whose function was to keep the community together† Miller informs us, in the introduction, that Salem was theocratic and their intentions in it 16 †¦the people of Salem†¦[wanted] to prevent any kind of disunity that might open it to destruction by material or ideological enemies† This is, as Miller points out, the purpose of their theocratic society, but also gives reasons for what happened when people didn’t belong. 16 â€Å"when one rises above the individual villainy displayed, one can only pity them all, just as we shall be pitied one day† This is a clear link that Miller makes between the witch hunts of Salem and the communist witch hunts in mid century America 16 â€Å"a sense of confusion hangs about him†Stage directions that paint Parris as someone who doesn’t belong, from the very beginning 17 â€Å"trouble in this house usually lands on her back† Stage directions of act one tell us that Tituba, a slave from Barbados, does not belong in this community because she is different. 17 â€Å"Go directly home and speak nothing of unnatural causes† Parris says this to Susanna, highlighting his fear of being accused of not protecting their community, thereby not belonging to the community. 18 â€Å"U ncle, the rumour of witchcraft is all about; I think you best go down and deny it yourself† Abigail pleads with Parris to make amends.This also shows that she has great power, or at least thinks she does. Parris, terrified of not being accepted in his relatively new community decides against it. 18 â€Å"And what shall I say to them? That my daughter and my niece I discovered dancing like heathen in the forest? † Parris highlights his fear of not being accepted but also the fact that his own family are shunning accepted protocol, thereby not belonging. 19 â€Å"But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know it, for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin be with it. † Parris is once again worried about never being accepted. 9 â€Å"There is a faction that is sworn to drive me from my pulpit† Parris is clear that he feels an outsider in his own community. The community he should effectively be head of seeing as it is theocratic and he is a reverend. 19 â€Å"I saw Tituba waving her arms over the fire when I came on you. Why was she doing that? † Parris questions the power Tituba has to change the girls because she isn’t trusted and is an outsider. 19 â€Å"She were swaying like a dumb beast over that fire! † Parris exclaims that not only is Tituba an outsider, she is also now compared to being an animal. 20 She always sings her Barbados songs, and we dance. † Abigail catches on quickly and realises that Tituba can easily be blamed for any indiscretions because she is already considered an outsider. Also shows that Abigail is manipulative and that she is the leader of the peer group of girls. 20 â€Å"I pray you feel the weight of truth upon you, for now my ministry’s at stake, my ministry and perhaps your cousin’s life. † Parris appeals to religion, the only thing he belongs to truly, and then fears not only for his daughter’s life but also him losing face in the community. 20 I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just now when some good respect is rising for me in the parish, you compromise my character. † Parris is clear that the only thing that truly concerns him is reputation, name and being in charge. Not even his daughter’s life seems important. 20 â€Å"I would not be her slave†¦I will not black my face for any of them! † The juxtapositioning of colour here highlights that Tituba is an outsider in this community. 20 â€Å"†¦the Devil’s touch is heavier than sick. It’s death, y’know, it’s death drivin’ into them, forked and hoofed. Mrs Putnam prays on people’s fears of the devil 21 â€Å"Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you – you least of all, Thomas, would ever wish so disastrous a charge laid upon me. † Parris, petrified that the Putnams, people with great influence, will ruin h im. 22 â€Å"They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house. † Again, Parris is worried about being an outsider and losing face. 22 â€Å"Thomas Putnam felt that his own name and the honour of his family had been smirched by the village, and he meant to right matters however he could. Miller interjects in the drama and states that even Putnam worried about being an outsider 23 â€Å"So it is not surprising to find that many accusations against people are in the handwriting of Thomas Putnam†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Putnam, as Miller explains, decided to fight out first rather than have any suspicions land on him, against his name. 23 â€Å"Tituba knows how to speak to the dead, Mr Parris. † Mrs Putnam, also along with Abigail, knows to put blame on the one true outsider – Tituba. 23 â€Å"Oh Abigail, what proper payment for my charity! Now I am undone. Parris, not worried solely about his daughter’s life/death but that his reputation is done. 24 â €Å"They will topple me with this! † Again, Parris is worried about being finally cast out of the society/community 24 â€Å"I have no answer for that crowd. † Use of exclusive language â€Å"that† separates Parris from the rest of the community 24 â€Å"Let you strike out against the Devil, and the village will bless you for it! They’re thirsty for your word, Mister! † Putnam, using his influence, pleads with Parris to say something to the community. He is also astute enough to realise he should pray on Parris’ fear of exclusion. 4/25 â€Å"I’ll lead them in a psalm, but let you say nothing of witchcraft yet. I will not discuss it. † Parris as head of the theocratic society. 25 â€Å"Listen, now; if they be questioning us, tell them we danced – I told him as much already. † Abigail is now leading the peer group – calling the shots. 25 â€Å"What’ll we do? The village is out! The whole countryâ€⠄¢s talkin’ witchcraft! They’ll be callin’ us witches, Abby! † Mary Warren shows that she is frightened of the consequences of going outside of the community’s main traditions/culture and that she is trying to go against Abigail, unsuccessfully 25 Abby we’ve got to tell†¦witchery’s a hangin’ error†¦you’ll only be whipped for dancin’† Mary Warren tries to use high modal language to make a stand against the head of the peer group, again highlighting her fear. 26 â€Å"Oh, you’re a great one for lookin’ aren’t you Mary Warren? What a great peeping courage you have! † Conflict between Abigail and Mary Warren – putting her down and trying to cast her out of her peer group. Makes Mary Warren want to please her/win her over again, to stay with them. It’s safer that way. 26 â€Å"BETTY: You drank blood, Abby! You didn’t tell him that! ABIGAIL: Betty, you nev er say that again! You will never – BETTY: †¦you drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor. † The conflict in the peer group 26 â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters. And that is all. And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. † The main threat that Abigail uses to stay in charge of the peer group and have people fear being an outsider. 26 I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! † Again, Abigail threatens to achieve her purpose, and have people fear going against her. 27 â€Å"He need not have been a partisan of any faction in the town†¦he was the kind of man – powerful of body, even-tempered and not easily led†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Miller introduces Proctor as someone who was able to stay outside of the peer gr oup and community and had the strength to remain true to his own convictions. 27 â€Å"Abby, I never give you hope to wait for me. † Proctor softly tells Abigail that their relationship is done and that he hasn’t wanted any more. 8 â€Å"Or did I dream that? It’s she put me out, you cannot pretend it were you. I saw your face when she put me out, and you loved me then and you do now! † Abigail pleads with Proctor showing what is driving her actions. Also highlights that Proctor has gone outside of his marriage. 29 â€Å"I have hardly stepped off my farm this seven-month†. Proctor makes it clear he is physically outside of his community and as a result can also be removed otherwise. 29 â€Å"She is blackening my name in the village! She is telling lies about me! She is a cold, snivelling woman, and you bend to her! Abigail’s tension/conflict with Goody Proctor. Worried about her name and reputation in the community. 30 â€Å"Francis had ori ginally rented the land, and one theory has it that, as he gradually paid for it and raised his social status, there were those who resented his rise. † Miller highlights that land ownership meant a lot for the community at the time 31 â€Å"I am sick of meetings; cannot the man turn his head without he have a meeting? † Proctor is discontent with the community and the way they must belong 33 â€Å"This will set us all to arguin’ again in the society, and we thought to have peace this year. Rebecca, the voice of reason, tries to placate the community; to make them all belong. 33 â€Å"We vote by name in this society, not by acreage. † Proctor, another voice of reason, says this about how they should belong in the community 33 â€Å"I never heard you worried so on this society, Mr Proctor. I do not think I saw you at Sabbath meeting since snow flew. † Putnam accuses Proctor of being an outsider because he doesn’t participate in the religious aspect of their theocratic society. 33 â€Å"There are many others who stay away from church these days because you hardly ever mention God any more. Proctor claims that there is no purpose in church since Parris arrived. He makes it unhappy and all about hell 34 â€Å"I regard that six pound a year as part of my salary. I am paid little enough without I spend six pound on firewood. † Parris is materialistic – doesn’t want to do anything unless it benefits him financially 34 â€Å"I do not fathom it, why am I persecuted here? I cannot offer one proposition but there be howling riot of argument. I have often wondered if the Devil be in it somewhere; I cannot understand you people otherwise. Parris using repeated personal pronoun to show that he feels persecuted in the society 34 â€Å"I do not wish to be put out like the cat whenever some majority feels the whim. † Parris uses simile to prove how he feels a complete outsider and the power of the communit y when someone does not belong. 35 â€Å"There is either obedience or the church will burn like Hell is burning! † Parris is clear in his mentality that you are either with the church or you are not 35 â€Å"†¦while there were no witches then, there are Communists and capitalists now†¦[who believe] that each side are at work undermining the other. Miller draws a direct parallel with the happenings in Salem and the communist fear in USA 39 â€Å"They must be; they are weighted with authority. † Hale uses this metaphor early on to show that he has great authority and even though an outsider is granted respect almost immediately. 40 â€Å"How can it be the Devil? Why would he choose my house to strike? We have all manner of licentious people in the village! † Parris wants to find himself a part of the community, particularly because he is the religious leader, but he does so by separating himself from the rest. 44 I never called him! Tituba, Tituba†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Abigail making the first of her allegations against Tituba and in doing so proving her strength in the peer group. People see what she is capable of. 45 â€Å"She made me do it! She made Betty do it! † High modal accusation towards Tituba. 45 â€Å"You beg me to conjure! She beg me make charm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tituba tries to fight against the allegations but is already an outsider and hasn’t got the chance to win. 46 â€Å"Sometimes I wake and find myself standing in the open doorway and not a stitch on my body! I always hear her laughing in my sleep.I hear her singing her Barbados songs and tempting me with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Abigail again reinforces her position and shows how strong she is in terms of leading the peer group; sways the community against Tituba. 46 â€Å"You will confess yourself or I will take you out and whip you to your death, Tituba! † Parris gives Tituba a fairly unfair ultimatum and shows again that being an outsider is bad. He also imp lies that you need to be a strong person to stand by your own name and convictions in this community. 46 â€Å"No, no, don’t hang Tituba! I tell him I don’t desire to work for him, sir. Tituba realises she must go against the truth and convictions to stay alive. She goes along with Abigail’s stories and makes it seem as though she wants to stop. 46 HALE: You have confessed yourself to witchcraft, and that speaks a wish to come to Heaven’s side. TITUBA: Oh, God bless you, Mr Hale! HALE: †¦You are God’s instrument put in our hands to†¦cleanse our village. Hale uses the metaphor to prove that people within the community believe Abigail, but also that Tituba has the opportunity to belong for the first time. 48 â€Å"I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus!†¦ I saw Sarah Good with the Devil!I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! † The calling out – Abigail starts accusing and setting people as outsiders for nothing. 49 â€Å"A fireplace is at the left, and behind it a stairway leading upstairs†¦he swings a pot out of the fire and smells it. † Miller paints a domestic picture and then juxtaposes it with the frosty portrayal of marriage 51 â€Å"It’s as warm as blood beneath the clods. † An interesting description of the unseasonably warm ground Proctor provides his wife. 52 PROCTOR: If the crop is good I’ll buy George Jacob’s heifer. How would that please you?ELIZABETH: Aye, it would. PROCTOR: [with a grin] I mean to please you, Elizabeth. ELIZABETH: [it is hard to say] I know it, John. Highlights both Proctor’s need to belong in the marriage and Elizabeth’s difficulty 52 Her back is turned to him. He turns to her and watches her. A sense of their separation rises. The stage directions highlights the distance between Proctor and his wife. 52 â€Å"She frightened all my strength away†¦it is a mou se no more†¦ she says to me ‘I must go to Salem†¦I am an official of the court! ’† Elizabeth talks about how Mary Warren has changed as a result of her being a part of the group 53 Aye, it is a proper court they have now†¦there be fourteen people in jail now†¦and they’ll be tried, and the court have power to hang them too, she says. † Elizabeth recounts what Mary Warren has told her about the court and the exclusion of women from society 53 â€Å"The town’s gone wild, I think. She speak of Abigail, and I thought she were a saint, to hear her. Abigail brings the other girls into the court, and where she walks the crowd will part†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Repetition of Abigail’s name in Elizabeth’s recount of Mary’s story highlights that the focus is all around her at the moment. 53 â€Å"Oh, it is a black mischief. Proctor uses this metaphor to describe what influence Abigail has on this society, and how others are flocking to â€Å"belong† 53 â€Å"John, if it were not Abigail that you must go to hurt, would you falter now? I think not. † Elizabeth has not forgiven Proctor for his indiscretion and questions him about who and what he might belong to now. 55 â€Å"You will not judge me more, Elizabeth†¦you forget nothin’ and forgive nothin’. † Proctor attempts to use high modal language to demand Elizabeth’s respect but again, he is honest in showing that he no longer truly feels as though he belongs in his marriage. 5 â€Å"I come into a court when I come into this house! † Darkly comical metaphor used by Proctor to indicate he feels judged which limits his feelings of belonging in the marriage. 55 â€Å"Let you look sometimes for the goodness in me, and judge me not. † Again, focussing on the judgement he feels rather than belonging. 55 â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought yo u but a good man, John. † Elizabeth tries to set Proctor right and uses the â€Å"heart† metaphor to imply he is the only one judging his actions and that he is limiting himself from belonging. 5 As though to compensate, Mary Warren goes to Elizabeth with a small rag doll. Miller makes it clear that the symbol used as Goody Proctor’s downfall is made known early on 56 â€Å"We must all love each other now, Goody Proctor. † Mary Warren says this in reaction to the strange situations they are now faced with 56 â€Å"I never knew it before, I never knew anything before. When she come into the court I say to myself, I must not accuse this woman†¦but then†¦I feel a misty coldness climbin’ up my back†¦and all at once I remembered everything she done to me! Mary Warren highlights the feelings that can overtake them during the court 57 â€Å"But the proof, the proof! † Proctor wants to be practical here. 58 â€Å"You must see it, sir , it’s God’s work we do. † Hale, and Mary Warren both proclaim this, referring to religion and what this society is based on. 58 â€Å"The Devil’s loose in Salem, Mr Proctor; we must discover where he’s hiding! † Hale, again referring to religion and the society 59 â€Å"There is a promise made in any bed – and she may dote on it now – I am sure she does – and thinks to kill me, then to take my place. Elizabeth points out to Proctor that his indiscretion led to a false sense of belonging for Abigail 60 â€Å"This is a strange time, Mister. No man may longer doubt the powers of the dark are gathered in monstrous attack upon this village. † Hale makes it clear that there is some â€Å"powers of the dark† but doesn’t say Devil – maybe understanding Abigail’s power? 62 â€Å"I note that you are rarely in the church on Sabbath Day. † A small detail noted by Hale ensures that Proctor i s seen as an outsider because of his lack of conforming to religious norms. 62 †¦and it [the bible] tells me that a minister may pray to God without he have golden candlesticks upon the altar. † Proctor complaining about Parris’ need to belong to objects/materialism 63 â€Å"I like it not that Mr Parris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. † Even for Proctor, Parris is an outsider 63 â€Å"There be no mark of blame upon my life, Mr Hale. I am a covenanted Christian woman. † Elizabeth states that she is trustworthy and honest because she is a good Christian woman – the basis of their society. 64 â€Å"Theology, sir, is a fortress; no crack in a fortress may be accounted small. Hale uses this metaphor to highlight the strength of religion; that you either belong to and with it or against it. But also implies in a way, that it is weak if compromised. 65 â€Å"And why not, if they must hang for denyin’ it? T here are them that will swear to anything before they’ll hang; have you never thought of that? † Proctor questions the very confessions the women keep making. 66 â€Å"My wife is the very brick and mortar of the church, Mr Hale. † Giles Corey uses this metaphor to highlight the insanity of his wife’s arrest 67 â€Å"Man, remember, until an hour before the Devil fell, God thought him beautiful in heaven. Hale’s powerful statement about the fall of good into evil. The way that even those that belong can then become isolated or alienated. 68 â€Å"†¦the Williams girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris’s house tonight, and without a word nor warnin’; she falls to the floor. Like a stuck beast, he says†¦stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. † Cheever seemingly confused and alarmed by the discovery of the needle in the poppet. It highlights the lack of proof or manipulat ion of evidence. 70 â€Å"Why, she done it herself!I hope you’re not takin’ this for proof, Mister! † Proctor, again practical, and denying â€Å"proof† 70 â€Å"’Tis hard proof! † Cheever exclaims this. Shows the craziness of the situation; the way the beliefs of the majority can cause hysteria. 70 â€Å"I’ll tell you what’s walking Salem – vengeance is walking Salem. † 72 â€Å"I cannot charge murder on Abigail†¦she’ll kill me for sayin’ that! † 74 â€Å"I cannot†¦they’ll turn on me†¦I cannot do it, I cannot! † 74 As the curtain rises, the room is empty, but for the sunlight pouring through two high windows in the back wall. 77